Paper based on a presentation at the 11th International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena (11th ISSP), Aveiro, Portugal, 25-29 July 2004.
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Preface
This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC) includes plenary
and invited lectures presented at the 11th
International Symposium on Solubility Phenomena-Including Related Equilibrium
Processes. In even years since 1984, these symposia have been held
under the auspices of IUPAC and the respective key lectures have been
published in PAC. The title of the 11th ISSP has been extended from
previous symposia to reflect the broadening of scientific interest and
competence resulting from the merger of the solubility and equilibrium
data groups (formerly, Commissions V.8 and V.6) of IUPAC. The scientific
topics covered by the following papers reflect the stimulating application-oriented
atmosphere of this symposium.
"Solubilities in supercritical fluids" by Dana E. Knox was an excellent introduction to the symposium's industry-oriented part, because this is a field involving worldwide research and industrial development. It shows why chemical education about, for example, phase diagrams of fluid mixtures should be promoted. In "Modeling electrolyte solutions with extended UNIQUAC" by Kaj Thomsen, the thermodynamic basis and the practical application of a simple model for solid�liquid, liquid�liquid, and vapor�liquid phase equilibria for electrolytes and non-electrolytes is discussed. This paper draws the chemical community�s attention to the versatile IVC-SEP Databank for Electrolyte Solutions. Urszula Domanska reports on "Solubilities and thermophysical properties of ionic liquids". Some of the ionic liquids investigated, which are candidates as green solvents, have negative octanol/water partition coefficients.
Eugenia A. Macedo�s review on "Solubility of amino acids, sugars, and proteins" introduces readers to a field important for the rapidly advancing biochemical industry. To design separation processes, the physicochemical properties of the title systems have been determined and modeled. Rita Delgado, Judite Costa, Krassimira P. Guerra, and Luis M. P. Lima report on "Lanthanide complexes of macrocyclic derivatives useful for medical applications: A critical evaluation of stability constants". These macrocyclic compounds containing acetate or methylphosphonate pendant arms are used for designing magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents and/or therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Mitsutaka Kitamura discusses the "Thermodynamic stability and transformation of polymorphs of pharmaceuticals". The bioavailability and other properties of pharmaceuticals depend on the nature of their polymorphs. The crystallization behavior of pharmaceuticals is studied in detail. In their paper "Gas-liquid interactions in solution", Margarida F. Costa Gomes and Agilio A. H. Padua review the description of gas�liquid interactions in solution by experimental methods as well as by computer simulation of structural and energetic properties on the microscopic scale. This paper is concisely written, contains valuable information, and is both instructive and enjoyable reading.
Jean-Pierre Grolier and Severine A. E. Boyer summarize the "Modification of the glass transitions of polymers by high-pressure gas solubility". Treatment of polymer-gas systems below and above the glass-transition temperature results in different types of foam. This is a very active field of research and very important environmentally, because the blowing gases used up to now in the foam plastic industry are harmful to the ozone layer and have to be replaced. Glenn Hefter presents a comprehensive overview of "Ion solvation in aqueous�organic mixtures" and shows convincingly that solubility measurements provide a sensitive method for the determination of Gibbs energies of dissolution and related quantities. The introductory discussion is highly instructive and explains why a theory to predict the solubilities even for simple electrolytes in water is lacking so far.
Alex De Visscher and Jan Vanderdeelen discuss "Consistency issues of aqueous solubility data and solution thermodynamics of electrolytes" related to the interpretation of solubilities of alkaline earth carbonates. The consistency of databases is an important issue for their application by end-users. The authors propose to mathematically enforce consistency with CODATA values. In Wolfgang Hummel�s paper "Solubility equilibria and geochemical modeling in the field of radioactive waste disposal", the remarkable discrepancy of experimental data existing between the acid and basic range of the ThO2�H2O and UO2�H2O systems has been taken into account by including quasi-thermodynamic parameters in the database which reproduces the experimental observations. This pragmatic approach is in line with the chemical explanation that once an actinide (IV) ion, An4+, undergoes hydrolysis, an amorphous surface layer with higher solubility covers the crystalline AnO2(s).
With "Solutions in the 'big laboratory': Toward a model for metals at the Earth�s surface", Peter A. Williams introduces the reader to the fascinating natural world of aquatic chemistry. Quantities measured in the laboratory and thermodynamic concepts are used to model metal dispersion near oxidizing ore bodies and metal ion speciation in natural waters.
The associate editors of the 11th ISSP would like to thank the authors and referees for their effort to prepare and review these manuscripts; they are also grateful to Prof. James Bull, Scientific Editor of PAC, for his competent and patient editorial work.
H. Gamsjager, G. Hefter, and C. Magalhaes
Conference Editors
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Local Organizing Committee:: Maria Clara Magalhaes (Chair), Ana Cavaleiro, Carlos M. Silva, Isabel Marrucho-Ferreira, Joao A. P. Coutinho, Jose Alberto Costa, Maria Otilde Simoes, Rosa Maria Oliveira.
International Organizing Committee:: H. Gamsjager (Chair, Austria); C. Balarew (Bulgaria); O. Chiavone (Brazil); H. L. Clever (USA); M. T. Cohen-Adad (France); A. Danil de Namor (UK); J. Eysseltova (Czech Republic); C. Guminsky (Poland); N. Kbir-Ariguib (Tunisia); A. Machado (Portugal); M. Salomon (USA); K. Sawada (Japan); A. Skrzecz (Poland); R. Tomkins (USA); V. Valyashko (Russia); J. Vanderdeelen (Belgium); W. Voigt (Germany); E. Waghorne (Ireland).
Scientific Advisors Committee:: R. Cohen-Adad (Chair, France); A. Arce (Spain); J. Bradley (South Africa); G. Brunner (Germany); P. Fogg (UK); M. Gaune-Escard (France); M. L. Goncalves (Portugal); E. Konigsberger (Australia); D. Knox (USA); S. Krause (USA); J. Lorimer, (Canada); Y. Marcus (Israel); K. Marsh (New Zealand); P. May (Australia); H. Ohtaki (Japan); F. Rull (Spain); P. Scharlin (Finland); D. Shaw (USA); G. Veith (USA).
